![]() It is not uncommon for people to claim to have a perpetual motion machine from which one could generate mechanical or electric energy. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind breaks the second law of thermodynamics, which in its common version says "Work is needed to transport heat up a temperature slope". In summary, a perpetual motion machine of the first kind, which produces more energy than it consumes, breaks the first law of thermodynamics, the law of conservation of energy: "Energy cannot be created nor consumed, only transformed". An air conditioner and a refrigerator need work (usually done by an electric motor) to transport heat from a cold to a warm place. This law states that it is impossible to extract heat from a single body, and thereby cooling the body, without doing work. This cycle does not violate the first law, but is in contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics. Subsequently, the work generates heat that is given back to the body in the same amount as was originally extracted from it. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine that extracts heat from a body, such as the sea or the earth and converts it into work (i.e., into useful mechanical or electric energy).The first law states that the amount of energy in the universe is constant, that is, if the energy content of a physical system seems to increase, this energy must have been transferred from somewhere else, it cannot have been created out of nothing. A perpetual motion machine of the first kind contradicts the first law of thermodynamics. A perpetual motion machine of the first kind can hypothetically create energy out of nothing, or what amounts to the same thing, it supposedly can increase a given amount of energy without any energy input.In thermodynamics one distinguishes between two sorts of perpetual motion machines:
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